Analysis

School groups vs SALSA

Do independent school groups with high revenue per pupil deliver better or worse results than expected? We combine the Swedish Companies Registration Office's (BV) revenue data with the SALSA model's demographics-adjusted residual for 18 school groups with sufficient data quality.

Source data: Bolagsverket (BV) · SALSA (Skolverket)

Summary

44 Groups with revenue data
18 With SALSA data (≥ 2 schools)
11 Performing above expectation
7 Performing below expectation

The SALSA model calculates an expected merit value per school based on parents' education level, share of recently immigrated students, and gender distribution. The average SALSA score per school group shows whether their schools as a group perform better (+) or worse (−) than what the student composition predicts — regardless of whether they have favourable students or not.

Revenue is sourced from BV's annual report data and normalised against the total pupil count in the group's active compulsory schools. Note that revenue is not the same as profit (operating margin) — it includes all income.

Revenue per pupil and SALSA score

Sorted by revenue per pupil (highest revenue at top). Schools with fewer than 2 SALSA matches are excluded.

School group Revenue Pupils Revenue/pupil Avg SALSA score SALSA schools
Cedergrenska AB 1.4 bn SEK 6,209 231 k SEK -34.2 4
AB Parts & Paomees 148.2 m SEK 830 178 k SEK +35.5 2
Tisenhult-gruppen AB 5.9 m SEK 2,750 2 k SEK +29.6 5
TED International Holding AB 3.6 m SEK 2,350 2 k SEK +3.2 6
Internationella Engelska Skolan i Sverige Holdings AB 20.0 m SEK 29,420 1 k SEK +12.8 43
Frida Utbildning AB 2.1 m SEK 4,514 0 k SEK -1.2 6
Watma Group AB 1.4 m SEK 4,460 0 k SEK +24.0 7
AcadeMedia AB 23.0 m SEK 76,257 0 k SEK +5.0 57
Magnora Aktiebolag 3.9 m SEK 13,940 0 k SEK +6.5 28
NAPPA AB 45 k SEK 398 0 k SEK -55.0 2
JENSEN group AB 74 k SEK 11,225 0 k SEK +27.7 12
BINA HOLDING AB 0 SEK 2,447 0 k SEK -9.3 3
Almwik Holding AB 0 SEK 4,098 0 k SEK +4.2 5
Gen Futura AB 0 SEK 6,182 0 k SEK +21.7 3
Anton i Skåne AB 0 SEK 560 0 k SEK -15.5 2
A.S. Febo AB 0 SEK 760 0 k SEK -8.0 4
DeMina Holding AB 0 SEK 13,413 0 k SEK +14.8 17
Edukatus Alliance Holding AB 0 SEK 9,035 0 k SEK -3.1 10

School groups without sufficient SALSA data

These school groups have revenue data but fewer than 2 SALSA-matched schools, which makes the SALSA average unreliable. They are reported separately for completeness.

School group Revenue Schools Pupils
Amerikanska Gymnasiet i Sverige AB 183.1 m SEK 5 2,010
British Schools AB 122.4 m SEK 5 1,145
Attendo AB (publ) 18.0 m SEK 2 50
RegattaKompetens AB 17.3 m SEK 3 470
Dille Bolagen Aktiebolag 8.8 m SEK 2 310
Serudia AB 5.4 m SEK 2 120
Hergla Fastighetsbolag AB 3.0 m SEK 2 160
Magelhusen AB 2.1 m SEK 18 570
Reprendo AB 1.0 m SEK 3 290
Academy X Holding AB 837 k SEK 3 320
ES Sustainable Real Estate AB 714 k SEK 2 252
Svensson Enterprises AB 336 k SEK 5 780
PROCURAMA AB 180 k SEK 3 1,270
Livslinjen Terapi och Konsult Sverige AB 159 k SEK 2 140
JWA Management AB 20 k SEK 3 300
Wejshag Invest AB 11 k SEK 5 700
Lilla Park och Min Skola AB 0 SEK 18 1,050
Ambea AB ( publ ) 0 SEK 17 220
Ekberg, Lund & Partners Aktiebolag 0 SEK 4 290
Move & Walk Förvaltning AB 0 SEK 6
Impius AB 0 SEK 4 70
Aspero Invest AB 0 SEK 3 870
Svangrens Holding AB 0 SEK 1 360
AlmaWoll AB 0 SEK 2 30
Sagostigen Holding AB 0 SEK 3 236
Suzang Stockholm Holding AB 0 SEK 3 169

Method and limitations

Revenue data comes from the Swedish Companies Registration Office's (BV) annual report database. Not all independent school groups have reported data or are represented in Skolkoll's BV integration — coverage is therefore partial.

The SALSA score per school group is calculated as the average of all constituent schools' residuals (mr). School groups with fewer than 2 matched schools are excluded because an average based on 1 school is sensitive to random variations.

Revenue ≠ profit: High revenue per pupil may be due to high rents, large staffing costs, or the group's business model. A fairer profitability measure would be operating margin, which is not available in this dataset.

The analysis is descriptive — it shows correlations, not causation. The fact that a school group has high revenue and a positive SALSA score does not prove that the money creates the results. It could equally be a selection effect (students with favourable backgrounds choose these schools regardless of demographics adjustment) or third factors.

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